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Sunday, August 9, 2009

MICROWAVE ENGINEERING Question bank

Posted by Dhaya at 7:56 AM 0 comments

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
QUESTION BANK
SUBJECT CODE : EC1403
SEM / YEAR
: VII / IV
SUBJECT NAME : MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
UNIT - I
BASIC MICROWAVE COMPONENTS
PART- A ( 2 marks)
1. State Faraday's rotation law.
2. State the properties of S matrix.
3. What are the reasons that low frequency parameters cannot be Measured in microwaves?
4. State the two parameters that describe a directional coupler? Define them.
5. State TEE junction theorems.
6. What is S matrix and write the S matrix of N port network?
7. What is meant by hybrid coupler?
8. Compare z parameters and ABCD parameters with S-parameters.
9. What are hybrid rings?
10.List the parameters that determine the performance of a directional coupler.
11. Explain the action of a rat-race junction.
12.Why are waveguide bends and twists constructed so that the direction of propagated energy is
gradually changed?
PART - B
1. a A three port circulator has an insertion loss of 1db, isolation of 20 db, VSWR =1.2
when all ports are matched terminated. Find S matrix and output power at port 2and 3 for an
input power of 100mw at port
(6)

EC1403 - MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
Kings College Of Engineering, Punalkulam
b. Explain the principle of operation of magic Tee and derive the S matrix of Magic Tee.
(10)
2. From the first principles derive the S matrix parameters of Directional coupler.
(16)
3. a) Is it possible to match all the 3 ports of a lossless reciprocal microwave component?
Prove the same.
(10)
b) Explain with diagrams waveguide corner,bends,twists.
(6)
4. a) What is an isolator? Write down S parameters.
(4)
b)A signal of power 32mw is fed into one of the collinear ports of a lossless H plane tee.
Determine the powers in the remaining ports when other ports are terminated by means of
matched load.
(12)
5.With relevant equations , explain the properties of S-matrix with corresponding proof.
(16)
UNIT II
TRANSFERRED ELECTRON DEVICES & AVALANCHE TRANSIT TIME DEVICES
PART- A ( 2 marks)
1.Define GUNN effect.
2. What is the necessary condition for an IMPATT to produce oscillations?
3. List the differences between microwave transistor and TED devices.
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of parametric amplifier?
5. What is meant by avalanche transit time device?
6. Discuss the applications of PIN diode.
7. What is a parametric amplifier? How is it different from a normal amplifier?
8. What is the theory of a negative resistance amplifier?
9. Explain how a tunnel diode can be used as a amplifier.
10.List the several donation formation modes of a Gunn diode.
11.State the performance characteristics of IMPATT and TRAPATT diode.
12. An IMPATT diode has a drift length of 2 um. Determine the operating frequency of IMPATT
diode if the drift velocity for Si is 107 cms/sec
PART- B
1. a) Derive the Manley Rowe power relation.
(12)
b) Use the above relation to find the power gain of an up and down converter.
(4)

EC1403 - MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
Kings College Of Engineering, Punalkulam
2. a) Using RWH theory , explain two valley model of GaAs.
(8)
b) Explain different types of modes.
(8)
3. Explain the working principle of IMPATT diode and derive the power output and efficiency? (16)
4. Explain the working principle of TRAPATT diode and derive the power output and efficiency?
(16)
5. Explain the working principle and modes of microwave bipolar transistor
(16)
6. Explain the working principle and operation of microwave FET.
(16)
UNIT III
MICROWAVE LINEAR BEAM TUBES & MICROWAVE CROSSED FIELD
TUBES
PART- A ( 2 marks)
1. Draw the electronic admittance diagram of reflex klystron.
2. State the differences between TWT and klystron?
3. Can a two cavity klystron amplifier be used an oscillator? If yes, how?
4. What is the purpose of slow wave structures in TWT?
5. What is meant by frequency pushing and frequency pulling?.
6. What is velocity modulation?
7. What are the limitations of conventional tubes at microwave frequencies?Explain how these
limitations can be overcome.
8. What are the performance characteristics of a Klystron amplifier?
9. How is bunching achieved in a cavity magnetron?
10. What are cross field deices?
11. How is tuning achieved in reflex klystron oscillators?
12. What is strapping in magnetron? How is the same effect obtained without strapping?
PART- B
1. With neat circuit diagrams and relevant equations, explain the velocity modulation
process and bunching in a klystron amplifier?.
(16)
2. Explain in detail about multicavity klystron amplifiers.
(16)

EC1403 - MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
Kings College Of Engineering, Punalkulam
3. Derive the equation for power output and efficiency of two cavities
and four cavity klystron amplifiers.
(16)
4. With neat diagrams and relevant equations, explain about helix
traveling wave tube.
(16)
5. With neat diagrams and relevant equations, explain about cylindrical and coaxial magnetron.
(16)
6. Discuss in detail about tunable magnetron and also explain in brief regarding Ricke diagram.
(16)
UNIT IV
STRIP LINES AND MONOLITHIC MICROWAVE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
PART- A ( 2 marks)
1. What are the advantages of microstrip line over strip line?
2. What are the advantages of MMIC over discrete circuit?
3. What are the properties of dielectric materials?
4. What are the losses in strip lines?
5. List the various MMIC fabrication techniques.
6. Microstrip line is also called an open strip line.Comment on this.
7. Why is it difficult to establish microstrip short circuits?
8. What are the design considerations for a microstrip line?
9. Why are propagating modes along the strip lines are non-TEM and not pure TEM modes?
10.How are waveguides different from normal two - wire transmission lines?
11.Give the physical interpretation for phase and group velocity in relation to speed of light.
PART- B
1. Explain in detail about microstrip lines and derive the expression for characteristic
impedance of microstrip lines
(16)
2. Discuss in detail about the various losses in microstrip lines.
(16)
3. Explain the different types of microstrip lines and give a brief note of their characteristics. (16)
4. Write a brief note on the different types of materials and list their

EC1403 - MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
Kings College Of Engineering, Punalkulam
characteristics,
(16)
5. Discuss in detail about the fabrication techniques of MMIC circuits.
(16)
UNIT V
MICROWAVE MEASUREMENTS
PART- A ( 2 marks)
1. What is Bolometer? Give two examples?
2. A wave guide load is used to absorb power of 2W., reflected power is 3mW.Find magnitude of
VSWR.
3. Why reflex klystron is a square wave 1kHz PAM while microwave measurements are done using
VSWR?
4. What are the sources of error in return loss measurement using a waveguide reflectometer and
klystron source?
5. What is meant by duty cycle?
6. How are microwave measurements different from low frequency measurements?
7. List the various techniques of measuring unknown frequency of a microwave generator.
8. How can you extend the range of power measurement?
9. Describe how an ordinary voltmeter can be calibrated to VSWR directly.What are the drawbacks
of such a VSWR meter?
10. List any two methods of measuring impedance of a terminating load in a microwave system.
11. Explain the concept of double minimum method of measuring VSWR.
PART- B
1. Explain in detail the measurement of VSWR through return loss measurements.
(16)
2. Discuss in detail the power measurement using microwave devices.
(16)
3. Write a brief note on insertion loss and attenuation measurements.
(16)
4. Explain in detail about the dielectric constant measurement of a solid using waveguide. (16)
5. Discuss in detail the impedance measurement using microwave devices.
(16)

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OPTICAL COMMUNICATION Question bank

Posted by Dhaya at 7:56 AM 0 comments

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
QUESTION BANK
SUBJECT CODE
: EC1402
SEM / YEAR :
VII/ IV
SUBJECT NAME : OPTICAL COMMUNICATION
UNIT - I
INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL FIBERS
PART- A ( 2 marks)
1. Among Microwaves and light waves which have high bit rate distance product?Why?
2. Mention the three advantages of optical fiber as waveguide over conventional
metallic waveguide?
3. What is meant by mode and index profile?
4. Mention the advantages of Graded Index fiber.
5. Write the expression for the refractive index in Graded index fiber.
6. Define Numerical Aperture of step index fiber.
7. Give the expression of the effective number of modes that are guided by a curved
multimode fiber of radius ' a'.
8. State Snells Law.
9. Define Critical angle?
10.Define TIR?
11.What is the need of Cladding?
12.Define core index difference.
13.Define refractive index?
14.What are leaky modes in optical fibers?
15.Define External reflection of light rays?

EC1402 OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS
Kings College Of Engineering - Punalkulam
16.What is meant by modes of waveguide?
17.Define V number?
18.What is relation between V number and power flow in cladding?
19.What is the fundamental parameter of SM fiber?
20.Give the relation between rays and modes?
21.What are the advantages and disadvantages of SM fiber?
22.What are the advantages and disadvantages of MM fiber?
23.Define skew rays and merdional rays?
24.Define cutoff conditions?
25.What is meant by Degenerate modes?
26.What is meant by linearly polarized modes?
27.Define MFD?
28.Define Bi refrigence and beat length?
29.A point source of light is 12cm below the surface of a large body of water (n=1.33).
What is the radius of the largest circle on the water surface through which the lights
can emerge?
30.Consider a parabolic index waveguide with n
1
=1.75,n
2
=1.677 and core radius 52um.
Calculate the numerical aperture at the axis and at a point 20um from the axis.
31.Why do we prefer step index single mode fiber for long distance communication?
32.Why do we use LP
01
mode for long distance communications?
33.What are three operating windows?
34.Alight ray is incident from glass to air. Calculate critical angle?
PART - B
1. What are Fiber modes? Explain mode theory for optical fiber in detail?
(16)
2. Compare SM fiber and Graded index fiber. Explain the requirements for fiber
materials?
(16)
3. Discuss the theory of GI fiber. Derive the expression for the numerical aperture of GI
fiber?
(16)
4. Derive an expression for number of modes propagating in GI fiber from the first
principle .
(16)
5. i) Mention the advantages of optical communication systems?
(8)
ii) Draw the elements of an optical communication systems?
(8)

EC1402 OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS
Kings College Of Engineering - Punalkulam
6. i) Discuss the propagation modes in SM fiber
(8)
ii)Briefly explain the evolution of fiber optic systems?
(8)
6. i)Compare the configurations of different types of fibers?
(8)
ii) Discuss the modes in Step index fiber?
(8)
7. i)Derive the wave equations for step index fiber and explain?
(8)
ii)Sketch and explain the electric field distributions of low order guided modes in
symmetrical slab waveguide?
(8)
8. A fiber has normalized frequency is 26.6 and wavelength is 1300nm.If the
radius of core is 25um.Compute numerical aperture?
(16)
9. a) A multimode step index fiber with core diameter of 80um and index difference of
1.5% at wavelength of 0.85um.If the refractive is 1.48,find normalized frequency and
no of modes?
(8)
b) Derive the expression for power flow in step index fiber?
(8)
10.a)Explain Linearly polarized modes?
(8)
b)The relative index difference in graded index fiber is 0.7% ,core refractive is
1.45.Find numerical aperture when index profile is triangular.
(8)
11 a).Derive modal equation.
(8)
b) Compare single and multimode fiber.
(8)
UNIT II
SIGNAL DEGRADATION OPTICAL FBERS
PART- A ( 2 marks)
1. An optical signal has lost 55% of its power after traversing 3.5 km of fiber. What is
the loss in dB/km of this fiber?
2. Define mode-field diameter.
3. What are the causes of absorption?
4. Define normalized propagation constant.
5. List the basic attenuation mechanisms in an optical fiber.
6. What is meant be mode coupling ? What causes it ?
7. Mention the two causes of intramodal dispersion.
8. Define fiber loss.

EC1402 OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS
Kings College Of Engineering - Punalkulam
9. What do you mean be polarization mode dispersion?
10.Commonly available single mode fibers have beat lengths in the range 10cm <2m. What range of refractive index differences does this correspond to?
11.Find the coupling loss for two fibers having core refractive index profiles α
E
=2.0
and α
R
=1.5
12.Define Raleigh Scattering loss.
13.Define Mie Scattering loss.
14.When the mean optical power launched into an 8 km length of fiber is 120 uw.
Determine the overall signal attenuation or loss in decibels.
15.How are micro bending losses reduced?
16.Distinguish intrinsic and extrinsic absorption.
17.Distinguish dispersion shifted and dispersion flattened fibers.
PART-B
1. What is meant by waveguide dispersion ? Derive the expression for the same. (16)
2. What is meant be material dispersion ? Derive the expression for the pulse
broadening due to material dispersion.
(16)
3. Discuss the signal distortion in single mode fibers.
(16)
4. Sketch the fundamental mode field in a curved optical wave guide and explain how
bending losses occur.
(16)
5. Explain with suitable diagrams the different mechanisms that contribute to attenuation
in optical fibers.
(16)
6. When the mean optical power launched into an 8km length of fiber is 120 uW, the
mean optical power at the fiber output is 3u W.
Determine
(1) Overall signal attenuation in dB/km and
(8)
(2) The overall signal attenuation for a 10km intervals, each giving an attenuation of
1dB.
(8)
7. Explain in detail mode coupling and design optimization of single mode fibers. (16)
8. Discuss in detail intermodal dispersion of multimode step index fiber with relevant
expression and diagrams.
(16)
9. What is mode coupling ? Discuss pulse broadening in GI fibers.
(16)

EC1402 OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS
Kings College Of Engineering - Punalkulam
10.Discuss various kinds of losses that an optical signal might suffer while propagating
through fiber. Which is most important one? What is the effect of these losses on
light power and pulse shape?
(16)
11.A 6 km optical link consists of multimode step index with a core refractive index of 1.5
and a relative refractive index difference of 1%. Estimate the delay difference
between the slowest and fastest modes at the fiber output and the rms broadening
due to intermodal dispersion on the link. Also derive the expression involved in it.
(16)
UNIT III
FIBER OPTCAL SOURCES AND COUPLING
PART- A ( 2 marks)
1.
Define radiance.
2.
What is meant by " population inversion"?
3.
what is meant by heterojunction?
4.
What is meant by indirect band gap semiconductor material?
5.
Draw the three key transition processes involved in laser action.
6.
Give examples for direct and indirect semiconductor materials.
7.
Define internal quantum efficiency of an LED.
8.
Name few splicing methods in fiber optics.
9.
Compare LED and LASER.
10.
What so you mean by heterojunction ? Mention its advantages.
a. List the different types of mechanical misalignments that can occur between
two joined fibers.
b. Calculate the ratio of stimulated emission rata to the spontaneous emission
rate for a lamp operating at a temperature of 1000 K. Assume average
operating wavelength is 0.5um.
11.
Define lambertian pattern .
12.
Define FWHM.
13.
Define Modal or speckle noise.

EC1402 OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS
Kings College Of Engineering - Punalkulam
14.
Define " Kinks".
15.
Define Mode partition noise.
16.
Define Lensing Schemes.
17.
Define Splicing ? What are types of Splicing.?
18.
What are the Characteristics of Light Source .
PART - B
1. Draw the two basic LED configurations and discuss the principle.
(16)
2. Discuss the principle of optical feedback and LASER oscillation.
(16)
3. Derive the threshold condition for LASER oscillation.
(16)
4. Explain various fiber splicing techniques.
(16)
5. Write technical notes on optical fiber connectors.
(16)
6. Discuss the laser diode structures and radiation patterns.(16)
7. Draw the structures of edge - emitting LED and surface emitting LED and
explain the operation.
(16)
8. Discuss the LASER diode principle , modes and threshold conditions.
(16)
9. Explain various types of fiber splicing techniques and fiber connectors.
(16)
10. Derive the threshold condition for LASER
(16)
11. Explain the laser action with neat diagrams.
(16)
12.a) A GaAs laser operating at 850 nm has a 500 um length and a refractive index
n = 3.7. What are the frequency and wavelength spacings?
(6)
b) With neat diagram explain the construction and working of high radiance surface
Emitting LED.
(10)
13. Discuss about modulation of laser diodes. Why thermoelectric coolers are used in
laser diodes.
(16)
14.Discuss in detail fiber splicing and connectors. Explain the operation principles of
WDM.
(16)
15.Draw and explain the LED structures based double hetero structure configuration.(16)
16.Discuss the principles of operation of laser diodes. What are the effects of temperature
on the performance of a laser diode?
(16)
17.Explain in different lensing schemes available to improve the power coupling
efficiency.
(16)

EC1402 OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS
18.Explain the fiber splicing techniques with necessary diagrams.
(16)
UNIT - IV
FIBER OPTICAL RECEIVERS
PART- A ( 2 marks)
1. Define diffusion length.
2. Define avalanche effect .
3. Define responsivity.
4. Define Quantum efficiency of photo detector.
5. Write the noise sources in the receiver section.
6.Define Quantum limit.
7.What are the desired features of photo detector.
8.A photo diode is constructed of GaAs which has a bandgap energy of 1.43Ev at 300k.
What is meant by long wavelength cutoff?
9.What are the benefits of trans impedance amplifier.
10.Define long wave length cutoff related photo diode.
11.What is meant by bulk dark current?
12.A photo diode has a capacitance of 6pf.Calculate the max load resistance which allows
an 8MHz post defection BW.
13. What is meant by impact ionization. In APD?
14.What is transit time of photo carriers?
15.What is meant by ionization rate?
16. Define avalanche multiplication?
17.Define S/N ratio of an optical receiver?What are the conditions are required
to achieve high S/N?
18.Define BER?
19.Define Extinction ratio?

EC1402 OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS
Kings College Of Engineering - Punalkulam
20. Define photo current?
21. What is p+ πpn+ reach through structure?
22.Define excess noise factor?
23. What is meant by Pre amplifier? What are the advantages of pre amplifier?
24.Whar are the draw backs of high impedance amplifier?
PART - B
1. Describe the working principle of PIN photo detector and explain the characteristics
of pin diode.
(16)
2. Explain with neat diagram, construction and working of APD. Compare photo
detectors.
(16)
3. Discuss the different noise sources and disturbances in the optical pulse detection
mechanism and derive the expression of S/N ratio.
(16)
4. a) Explain the fundamental receiver operation in optical communication.
(6)
b)Derive an expression for the bit error rate of an optical receiver.
(10)
5. Discuss the source of errors in optical receivers
(16)
6. The Quantum efficency of a RAPD is 80% for thr detection of radiation at 0.9um,
when incident optical power is 0.5uw.The output current from the device(after
avalance gain) is 11 uA. Determine avalanche multiplication factor?
(16)
UNIT - V
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
PART- A ( 2 marks)
1. List out the requirements that are to be considered in analyzing a link
2. Differentiate link power budget and rise time budget.
3. What is SONET? How does it differ from SDH?
4. What are solitons?
5. What is meant by 'modal noise'?

EC1402 OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS
Kings College Of Engineering - Punalkulam
PART-B
1. Write notes on LINK POWER BUDGET.
(16)
2. Write notes on RISE TIME BUDGET.
(16)
3. Write notes on SONET.
(16)
4. List out the WDM components. Explain them briefly.
(16)
5. Discuss the principles, requirements and applications of WDM.
(16)

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OPTICAL COMMUNICATION Question bank

Posted by Dhaya at 7:56 AM 0 comments

பன்றிக் காய்ச்சல்

Posted by Dhaya at 3:25 AM 0 comments

இந்த கட்டுரை ஒரு தமிழ் வெப்தளத்தில்
பதியப்பட்டிருந்தது, படித்தேன் இதை ஒவ்வொரு பன்றிக் காய்ச்சல் -
உலக நாடுகளையே இன்று கலங்கடித்துக் கொண்டிருக்கும் ஓர் கொடிய நோயின்
பெயர் இது.
கடந்த ஆண்டுகளில் பறவைக் காய்ச்சல் (சிக்குன் குன்யா) என்ற நோய் உலகளவில்
பல்லாயிரக் கணக்கான மக்களை வாட்டி வதைத்ததை போல், இந்த ஆண்டில் பன்றிக்
காய்ச்சல் நோய் உலக மக்களை பாடாய்படுத்திக் கொண்டிருக்கிறது.
முதன் முதலில் மெக்சிகோ நாட்டில் உருவானதாக கூறப்படும் இந்த கொடிய நோய்,
பின்னர் பல்வேறு நாடுகளுக்கும் பரவி, தற்போது இந்தியாவின் புனே நகரை
சேர்ந்த ரியா ஷேக் என்ற 14 வயது பள்ளி மாணவியின் உயிரை பறிக்கும்
அளவுக்கு பரவியுள்ளது. இதனால், ஒட்டுமொத்த இந்தியாவே அதிர்ச்சியடைந்துள்ள
சூழ்நிலையில், இந்நோய் பற்றிய கூடுதல் விபரங்களை அறிந்துக்கொள்வதும்,
அதிலிருந்து நம்மை நாமே வருமுன் காப்பதும் அவசியமாகிறது.
பன்றிக் காய்ச்சல் என்றால் என்ன?
பன்றிக் காய்ச்சல் (Swine flu) என்று அழைக்கப்படும் இந்த நோய், சளி,
இருமல், காய்ச்சல் ஆகியவற்றை ஏற்படுத்தும் புளூவைரஸின் ஓர் உட்பிரிவான H1
N1 என்ற வைரஸால் ஏற்படுகிறது. இது பன்றிகளின் சுவாச உறுப்பை தாக்கி,
கடுமையான காய்ச்சலை உருவாக்கி, படிப்படியாக உடல் உறுப்புகளை செயல் இழக்க
வைத்து இறுதியில் மரணத்தை ஏற்படுத்துகிறது. இந்த வைரஸ், பன்றிகளை
மட்டுமின்றி பறவைகள், குதிரை மற்றும் மனிதர்களையும் தாக்குகிறது.
கடந்த 1930ம் ஆண்டுகளில் முதன் முறையாக பன்றி இனங்களில் இந்நோய்
கண்டறியப்பட்டது. நோய்க்கான காரணம் குறித்து ஆய்வு செய்தபோது, இந்த வைரஸ்
மிக அரிதான ஓர் மரபு அணு தொகுதியை கொண்டிருந்ததை கண்டு ஆராய்ச்சியாளர்கள்
பெரும் ஆச்சரியமும், கடும் அதிர்ச்சியும் அடைந்தனர். அப்போதே இந்த
பன்றிக் காய்ச்சல் வைரஸ் மிக அபாயகரமானது என உலக சுகாதார நிறுவனம்
எச்சரிக்கை விடுத்தது. பின்னர் கடந்த 1965ல் ஐரோப்பாவிலும், 1976ம்
ஆண்டில் நியூஜெர்ஸியிலும் இந்நோய் கண்டறியப்பட்டது.
பன்றிக் காய்ச்சல் பரவும் முறை:
H1N1 வைரஸ், ஓர் பன்றியில் இருந்து மற்றொரு பன்றிக்கு வேகமாக பரவுகிறது.
நீண்டகால முயற்சிக்கு பின்னர் மனிதரை தாக்குதகிறது. ஆனால்,
மனிதரிடமிருந்து மற்றொரு மனிதருக்கு மிக எளிதில் தொற்றிக் கொள்கிறது.
பன்றிகள் வசிக்கும் இடம் அல்லது பன்றி பண்ணைகளில் பணிபுரிபவர்களுக்கு
இந்நோய் பரவி, அவர்களிடம் இருந்து மற்றவர்களுக்கு எளிதில் பரவுகிறது.
ஆனால், பன்றி இறைச்சி சாப்பிடுவதன் மூலமாக நோய் பரவ வாய்ப்புகள் இல்லை.
குளிர் மற்றும் பனிக்காலங்களிலுமே மிக அதிகமாக பரவுகிறது. குறிப்பாக இந்த
நோய்த் தொற்றுக்குள்ளாகி 5 முதல் 6 நாட்களில் பிறரையும் தொற்றுகிறது.
பன்றிக் காய்ச்சல் அறிகுறிகள்:
உடல் சூடாதல்,
உடல் பலவீனம்,
வலி,
தொண்டைப் புண்,
இருமல்,
பசியின்மை,
வயிற்றுப்போக்கு,
வாந்தி
போன்றவை பன்றிக் காய்ச்சலின் முக்கிய அறிகுறிகளாக கருதப்படுகின்றன.
பன்றிக் காய்ச்சல் பரவாமல் தடுக்கும் முறைகள்:
மக்கள் வசிக்கும் பகுதியில் பன்றிகள் நடமாடாமல் தடுக்க உரிய நடவடிக்கைகளை
எடுக்க வேண்டும்.
நோய் பாதிப்பு உள்ளவர்களை நேரடியாக தொட்டு பேசக்கூடாது. அவர்களிடமிருந்து
விலகியிருப்பது நல்லது.
பாதிக்கப்பட்டவர் அருகில் இருக்க நேர்ந்தால் வாய், மூக்கை மூடிக்கொள்ள
வேண்டும்.
கை, கால்களை நன்றாக சோப்பு போட்டு கழுவி சுத்தமாக வைத்திருக்க வேண்டும்.
பன்றிகளை வளர்ப்பவர்கள், பராமரிப்பவர்கள் மிகவும் கவனமாக இருக்க
வேண்டும்.
உலகளவில் பன்றிக் காய்ச்சல்:
கடந்த ஜூன் 11ம் தேதி உலக சுகாதார நிறுவனத்தால் கொள்ளை நோயாக
அறிவிக்கப்பட்ட இந்த பன்றிக் காய்ச்சல் நோய், உலகம் முழுவதும் வேகமாக
பரவி வருகிறது. இதனால், இந்நோயை கட்டுப்படுத்த அனைத்து நாடுகளின் விமான
நிலையங்களிலும் பன்றிக் காய்ச்சல் நோய் குறித்து மருத்துவப் பரிசோதனைகள்
நடைபெற்று வருகிறது.
பன்றிக் காய்ச்சல் நோய் பற்றிய பாதிப்புகளை உலக சுகாதார நிறுவனம்
அவ்வப்போது வெளியிட்டு வருகிறது. உலகம் முழுவதும் சுமார் 1 லட்சத்து 34
ஆயிரத்து 503 பேர் பாதிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளதாகவும், 816 பேர்
பலியாகியுள்ளதாகவும் அந்த மையம் தெரிவித்துள்ளது.
உலகளவில் மெக்சிகோ மற்றும் அமெரிக்கா போன்ற நாடுகள் இந்நோயால் அதிகம்
பாதிக்கப்பட்டுள்ள நிலையில், பன்றிக்காய்ச்சல் பாதிப்புள்ள நாடுகளுக்கு
செல்ல வேண்டாம் என பல நாடுகள் தங்களது நாட்டு மக்களை அறிவுறுத்தியுள்ளது.
இந்தியாவில் பன்றிக் காய்ச்சல்:
இந்தியாவில் கடந்த 2004ம் ஆண்டே டெல்லி, மிசோரம், மேற்கு வங்கம் போன்ற
மாநிலங்களில் இந்நோயின் அறிகுறிகள் தென்பட்டன. இதனால், இந்நோயால்
ஏற்படும் பாதிப்புகளை உணர்ந்திருந்த மருத்துவத் துறையினர், எச்1 என்1
வைரஸ் மனிதர்களை தாக்கும் முன்பே, பன்றிக் காய்ச்சல் நோயை
கட்டுப்படுத்திவிட்டனர்.
எனினும், இந்த ஆண்டின் ஆரம்பத்தில் இருந்து வெளிநாட்டுப் பயணிகள் மூலம்
இந்தியாவுக்குள்ளும் பன்றிக் காய்ச்சல் நோய் பரவ ஆரம்பித்தது.
மகாராஷ்டிராவில் அதிகப்பட்சமாக 135 பேரும், டெல்லியில் 109 பேரும்
பாதிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளனர். சென்னையில் 31 பேர் பாதிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளனர்.
இந்தியாவில் பன்றிக் காய்ச்சலால் பாதிக்கப்பட்டோரின் எண்ணிக்கை கடந்த 3ம்
தேதி நிலவரப்படி 574 ஆக உயர்ந்துள்ளது.
இந்நோய்க்கு புனே மாணவி ரியா ஷேக் பலியானதன் எதிரொலியாக, இந்தியாவில்
பன்றிக் காய்ச்சலை தடுக்க புதிய திட்டம் தீட்டப்பட்டு வருவதாகவும் மத்திய
சுகாதாரத்துறை அமைச்சர் குலாம்நபி ஆசாத் தெரிவித்துள்ளார்.
புனேவில் பன்றிக் காய்ச்சல்:
இந்தியாவில் பல்வேறு மாநிலங்களிலும் இந்நோய் பாதிப்பு ஏற்பட்ட போதிலும்,
மகாராஷ்டிர மாநிலத்திலுள்ள புனே நகரம் தான் பன்றிக் காய்ச்சல் நோயின்
தலைநகராக விளங்கி வருகிறது.
இங்குள்ள ஓர் பள்ளியை சேர்ந்த மாணவர்கள் சமீபத்தில் அமெரிக்க சுற்றுப்
பயணம் சென்று வந்ததாகவும், அவர்கள் மூலமாக பிற பள்ளி மாணவர்களுக்கும்
இந்நோய் தொற்றியதாகவும் கூறப்படுகிறது.
ஒரு கட்டத்தில் பள்ளி மாணவ, மாணவிகள் அதிகளவில் பாதிக்கப்பட்ட நிலையில்,
அங்குள்ள பல பள்ளிகளுக்கு விடுமுறை அளிக்கப்பட்டன.
இந்நிலையில், இந்தியாவில் பன்றிக் காய்ச்சலுக்கு முதல் பலியாக புனே நகரை
சேர்ந்த ரியா ஷேக் என்ற 14 வயது நிரம்பிய பள்ளி சநேற்று முன்தினம்
பலியானார். பெற்றோரின் கவனக்குறைவு மற்றும் மருத்துவர்கள் முன்கூட்டியே
நோயை கண்டறிந்து முறையாக சிகிச்சை அளிக்காதது போன்றவையே ரியாவின்
மரணத்துக்கு முக்கிய காரணமாக கருதப்படுகிறது.
நோய் தொற்றிய 20 தினங்களில் மாணவி ரியா, பன்றிக் காய்ச்சலுக்கு பலியாகி
இருப்பது மருத்துவ உலகையே அதிர்ச்சிக்குள்ளாக்கியுள்ளது.
தமிழகத்தில் பன்றிக் காய்ச்சல்:
பன்றிக் காய்ச்சல் நோயால் பாதிக்கப்பட்டோரின் எண்ணிக்கை தமிழகத்திலும்
நாளுக்கு நாள் அதிகரித்து வருவது. இந்நோயால் இதுவரை 35 பேர்
பாதிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளதாக தெரிகிறது.
புனே மாணவி ரியா பலியானதன் எதிரொலியாக, தமிழக அரசும் பன்றிக்காய்ச்சல்
நோய் ஒழிக்க தீவிரம் காட்டி வருகிறது. அதன்படி, பள்ளி மாணவ, மாணவிகளுக்கு
இதுகுறித்து விழிப்புணர்வு அளிக்கப்பட்டு வருகிறது. விமானப் பயணிகள்
மட்டுமின்றி, ரயில் மற்றும் கப்பல் மூலம் தமிழகம் வரும் பயணிகளுக்கும்
மருத்துவப் பரிசோதனை செய்ய திட்டமிடப்பட்டுள்ளது.
இதுதவிர, மும்பை, புனே நகரங்களுக்கு தமிழகத்தில் இருந்து யாரும் செல்ல
வேண்டாம் என்றும் தமிழக அரசு எச்சரிக்கை விடுத்துள்ளது.
தமிழகத்தில் சென்னை கிங்ஸ் இன்ஸ்டிடியூட், வேலூர் கிறிஸ்தவ மருத்துவக்
கல்லூரி ஆகியவற்றில் பன்றிக் காய்ச்சல் பற்றிய மருத்துவப் பரிசோதனை
நடத்தப்பட்டு வருகிறது.
சென்னை நகரில், தண்டையார் பேட்டை தொற்றுநோய் தடுப்பு மருத்துவமனை,
ராயப்பேட்டை அரசு மருத்துவமனை, ஸ்டான்லி அரசு மருத்துவமனை, கீழ்ப்பாக்கம்
அரசு மருத்துவமனை மற்றும் தண்டையார்பேட்டை பெரிபரல் மருத்துவமனை
போன்றவற்றில் பன்றிக் காய்ச்சலுக்கான மருத்துவச் சிகிச்சை அளிக்கப்பட்டு
வருகிறது.

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Sent on a phone using T9space.com

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Sent on a phone using T9space.com

Friday, August 7, 2009

Enabling Hidden files And folders By using Registry editor

Posted by Dhaya at 8:51 PM 0 comments

If your system is unable to view your hidden files and folders, even if you try to change the folder option to view hidden files, you system is affected by some malware or Trojans. To re enable the option to view hidden files, do as given below
Go to START Menu and click on Run
Type RegEdit and press Enter to run registry editor.
Navigate to the following registry key:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE/SOFTWARE/Microsoft/windows/CurrentVersion/Explorer/Advanced/Folder/Hidden/SHOWALL
In the right side verify that the CheckedValue, value data is REG_DWORD type. If it’s not( such as belongs to REG_SZ), then delete the CheckedValue value data. If the CheckedValue has been delete, create a new DWORD(32 BIT)value and name it as CheckedValue.
Double click on CheckedValue and change its value data to 1(virus may change it to 0 or2)
Within the same registry key, verify that the Typevalue data is of REG_SZ type, and has the value data “radio”. If not set it to radio. Virus may change it to blank
Set the system to Show all hidden files and folders, and then check if hidden files are shown or not.

Some viruses may disable the registry editor. Here is the way to enable it.
Start/run
Enter GPEdit.msc and press Enter
Navigate to the following location: User Configuration /Administrative Templates /System/
In the settings panel, locate the Prevent access to registry editing tools option, and then double click o it to open the settings dialog. Select Disabled or Not Configured.
Click on ok button. Try to run regedit.exe, and if required restart the computer.

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Nokia Code function

Posted by Dhaya at 8:51 PM 0 comments

*3370# This Nokia code activates Enhanced Full Rate Codec (EFR) - Your Nokia cell phone uses the best sound quality but talk time is reduced my approx. 5%
#3370# Deactivate Enhanced Full Rate Codec (EFR)
*#4720# Activate Half Rate Codec - Your phone uses a lower quality sound but you should gain approx 30% more Talk Time
*#4720# With this Nokia code you can deactivate the Half Rate Codec
*#0000# Displays your phones software version, 1st Line : Software Version, 2nd Line : Software Release Date, 3rd Line : Compression Type
*#9999# Phones software version if *#0000# does not work
*#06# For checking the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI Number)
#pw+1234567890+1# Provider Lock Status. (use the "*" button to obtain the "p,w" and "+" symbols)
#pw+1234567890+2# Network Lock Status. (use the "*" button to obtain the "p,w" and "+" symbols)
#pw+1234567890+3# Country Lock Status. (use the "*" button to obtain the "p,w" and "+" symbols)
#pw+1234567890+4# SIM Card Lock Status. (use the "*" button to obtain the "p,w" and "+" symbols)
*#147# This lets you know who called you last (Only vodofone)
*#1471# Last call (Only vodofone)
*#21# This phone code allows you to check the number that "All Calls" are diverted to
*#2640# Displays phone security code in use
*#30# Lets you see the private number
*#43# Allows you to check the "Call Waiting" status of your cell phone.
*#61# Allows you to check the number that "On No Reply" calls are diverted to
*#62# Allows you to check the number that "Divert If Unreachable (no service)" calls are diverted to
*#67# Allows you to check the number that "On Busy Calls" are diverted to
*#67705646# Phone code that removes operator logo on 3310 & 3330
*#73# Reset phone timers and game scores
*#746025625# Displays the SIM Clock status, if your phone supports this power saving feature "SIM Clock Stop Allowed", it means you will get the best standby time possible
*#7760# Manufactures code
*#7780# Restore factory settings
*#8110# Software version for the nokia 8110
*#92702689# Displays - 1.Serial Number, 2.Date Made, 3.Purchase Date, 4.Date of last repair (0000 for no repairs), 5.Transfer User Data. To exit this mode you need to switch your phone off then on again
*#94870345123456789# Deactivate the PWM-Mem
**21*number# Turn on "All Calls" diverting to the phone number entered
**61*number# Turn on "No Reply" diverting to the phone number entered
**67*number# Turn on "On Busy" diverting to the phone number entered
12345 This is the default security code
press and hold # Lets you switch between lines

--
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Google Search Tricks

Posted by Dhaya at 8:25 PM 0 comments

Google search has been a blessing for developers, not only devlopers, bloggers, surfers and i guess everyone who is using the immense power of internet. They are the best in the business with their superb algorithms. Google search has some hidden easter eggs through which one can utilise the power of Google in a fun rather tricky way.
So here we go with a bunch of amazing tricks:
EBooks,EMusic,EMovies with Google:

Do you wanna download any pdf file, word document or mp3 file? Google can be the first place to look forward to, isn’t it? You must be wondering what could be the trick in that, well an enormous amount of free downloadable files can be easily accessed at Open Web Directories. Its like turning Google into Napster of 2000, isn’t it VOW !!

So here is the tricky url syntax:

-inurl:(htm|html|php) intitle:”index of” +”last modified” +”parent directory” +description +size +(your choice) “name”

“your choice” can be either of the following file types:
-> wma|mp3 for Music
-> pdf|doc for Ebooks
-> mpg|wmv for Videos

and “name” can be any specific music file, movie or book, you are looking for.

For example:

-inurl:(htm|html|php) intitle:”index of” +”last modified” +”parent directory” +description +size +(wma|mp3) “Shakira”

This is a Google search string for searching open web directories containing downloadable Shakira music files.

Ofcourse, you can always bookmark the search result for future use. Don’t worry, just enjoy !!
Lots of free downloadable stuff with Google:

Haven’t you fed up with searching for free wallpapers, stock images or social sites and getting nothing out of the search results??? Have your ever thought, why this happen when you have made right search queries, The only possible answer to this can be the most popular and most likable word “free”, it attracts spams. Anyways, don’t be upset, we do have a trick for that also. All you have to do is to direct Google to numerous available social media sites which have an active community of users who have already reviewed and ranked various “free” items that may interst you.

So here are some tricky queries:
-> site:del.icio.us free “stock images”
-> site:netscape.com free “ringtones”
-> site:digg.com free “desktop wallpaper”
-> site:reddit.com free “wordpress templates”
-> site:stumbleupon.com free icons

Have fun with your favourite free stuff!!
Free Anonymous Web Proxies with Google:

All you have to do is look through the search results returned by the queries below, find a proxy that works, and enter in the URL of the site you want to browse anonymously.

Use the following query and enjoy:

-> inurl:”nph-proxy.cgi” “start using cgiproxy”
-> inurl:”nph-proxy.cgi” “Start browsing through this CGI-based proxy”
Search only Faces with Google Image Search:

You can use this trick on Google Image search to filter the search results so that they include only images of people. This search can be performed just by appending the string &imgtype=face at the end of the URL address after you perform a standard Google Image search.

Tricks4fun.com
POSTED BY TAIJU AT 6:27 AM 0 COMMENTS
LABELS: INTERNET TRICKS

Boost your Internet Connection speed up to 200
Wednesday, July 15, 2009

Internet Cyclone - Boost your Internet Connection speed up to 200% !!!

As you all know the internet speed of dial up is very low and beowsing through it is a time consuming process .It can be avoided by using Internet speed boosters
there are lot of speed boosters available, in that Internet_Cyclone is very good and it have simple user interface

Is a powerful, easy-to-use, Internet Optimizer for Windows 95, 98, ME, NT, 2000 and XP designed to automatically optimize your Windows settings which will boost your Internet connection speed
up to 200%. Internet Cyclone is compatible with all modems and high-speed LAN, ISDN, CABLE, DSL, T1 or other connections. This software will still be useful to you after
upgrading your internet connection.

--
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Posted by Dhaya at 4:58 AM 0 comments

Posted by Dhaya at 4:30 AM 0 comments

Monday, August 3, 2009

Nokia mobile tips, tricks

Posted by Dhaya at 7:02 AM 0 comments

Free Nokia mobile tips, tricks, secrets & downloads
All the tips and tricks provided by Hidden Tricks is free and its not necessary to sign up also.
If you want to receive our latest tips & tricks in your mailbox, you can sunscribe for our Newsletter for free.

To check Nokia mobile or cellphones IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)
On the main screen type *#06#

Information you get from the IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)
XXXXXX XX XXXXXX X
TAC FAC SNR SP

TAC = Type approval code of your nokia Mobile
FAC = Final assembly code of your cellphone
SNR = Serial number of your nokia Phone
SP = Spare
Other secret tricks for Nokia mobile or cellphone
To check the phones Software revision for Nokia Mobile.
On the main screen type *#0000#

To enter in the secret menu in Nokia Phone.
On the main screen type *#92702689# [*#war0anty#]
It will take you to a secret menu where you may find some of the information below:
1. Displays Serial Number.
2. Displays the Month and Year of Manufacture
3. Displays (if there) the date where the phone was purchased (MMYY)
4. Displays the date of the last repair - if found (0000)
5. Shows life timer of phone (time passes since last start)

To restore Factory Settings for Nokia mobile
*#7780# reset to factory settings.

Taking picture without getting noticed.
Turn on/off the "click" sound made by the camera by selecting the 'Silent' profile or by turning warning tones on/off.

Hiding your Mobile/ Cellphone Number
Go to: Menu > Tools > Settings > Call > Send My Caller ID >
'Yes', 'No' or 'Set By Network' to follow the default settings of your home network.
It works only with very few network who provide you facility of “Private Number”

Speed Dialing From Simcard contact (not stored in mobile phonebook)
Type number followed by # then call.
Example: 1# or 2# or 21#

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Mobile tricks

Posted by Dhaya at 6:26 AM 0 comments

format nokia
s40,s80,e series
*#7780#
s30,s60,n series
*#7370#

--
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Mobile tricks

Posted by Dhaya at 6:19 AM 0 comments

WaNt To PlAy uR SoNy ErriCsSoN Mobile's FM WiThOuT HeAdPhOnE ?
JusT EnTeR ThiS CoDe On Ur MoBiLe ScReeN
*#**372#
SeLeCT RaDiO ON/OFF

just try.........

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Invicible Man

Posted by Dhaya at 3:21 AM 0 comments

Sunday, August 2, 2009

Off campus training

Posted by Dhaya at 6:33 AM 0 comments

Wipro & infosys off campus in july plz register in www.Orzins.Com... Fwd 2 all....

--
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free inplant training

Posted by Dhaya at 6:28 AM 0 comments

FREE INPLANT TRAINING WWW.JIFFYSOLUTIONS.COM CALL 9791114144 ALL UG/PG

--
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For Educational loans

Posted by Dhaya at 6:23 AM 0 comments

For Education Loan before admission, call toll free 18002093636, sms CREDILA to 53636 or apply at credila.com You can join better colleges with these funds.

--
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Symbian Tricks

Posted by Dhaya at 6:23 AM 1 comments

Here some free tips and tricks for Symbian mobile phones. With these secrets you can boost up your mobile phone.
Firstly have some extra ordinary Tricks:
How to reset The Operator Logo?
1) Go to the following dir :
C:\System\Apps\Phone\Oplogo
2) Delete any file in this directory
3) Restart the phone
How to copy & paste text:
Press and hold the pencil key and select your text using the scroll key.
Left function key will change to 'Copy'. Press it to copy the selected text to clipboard.
You can paste the clipboard contents the same way:
press and hold the pencil key and press 'Paste'. Or, press pencil key once and select 'Paste'
Retrieve lost MMC password:
1. Open file explorer. (SeleQ, FExplore, AppMan) 2. Search for 'MMCSTORE' 3. When you find it, send it to your PC 4. On PC, open the file with Notepad, or any word processor 5. there goes your password!
Repairing A Corruptted MMC:
Physically, memory cards are quite fragile pieces of high technology, susceptible to damage from various silly things like excessive heat, condensation, strong magnetic fields, physical damage from rough handling and/or bending! (similar to most electronic devices then..)
Given the natue of mobile memory card products, they are constantly being taken in and out of some form of interface with a mobile phone, a camera, a laptop, or desktop PC, or a separate memory card reader. The number of different devices they have to be able to interact with is in the thousands.
It is not too surprisingly, then that sometimes the state of the file system on the memory card can get damaged.
This may happen for a number of different reasons, including:
* removing the card from a device whilst an application is trying to read/write to it.. (Just be patient...)
* battery drain on a device whilst in use meaning an insufficent voltage failure whilst writing to the card.
* a poor implementation of the MMC standard on the device using the card
* poor connectivity software drivers on the device or the Windows PC/Mac
* physical damage like card or device being dropped, bent, getting wet etc...
As often as not, the problem is not terminal for your memory card, but just a software issue ( or in physical terms, it could be called "a temporary disalignment of the all the bits and bytes on the card").
The fix for this problem is the same as for any other file storage device (like a floppy or hard drive) with corrupt or invalid file system, namely; re-format the file system.
Re-Formatting your MMC Card:
It is possible that your mobile will offer you the option of formatting the memory card if it is found to be invalid. (However, the likes of Nokia nGage, Nokia 6600, and Siemens Sx1 often just prefer to reject the media as corrupted).
In that case, to format the card, you will need access to one or more of the following:
* A Windows PC or Mac.
* A separate multi-format memory card reader (verify that it is compatible with the MultiMediaCard -MMC- standard).
* (This can come in USB or PCMCIA flavours. If USB, try and ensutre it is a USB2 device.
* Alternatively, many of the newest laptop and desktop PCs now come with integrated Multi-format memory card readers.
* If you are using a separate memory card reader, then connect it up to your PC, and let windows recgnize the device through plug-and-play.
Now you can insert your MobyMemory card into the appropriate slot in the memory card reader. (Please note that because the MMC card is pretty much symmetrical it is very easy to insert it upside-down in the slot).
Open up [Windows Explorer] (or the equivalent for MAC users..sorry not well-versed in OS X).
There should be at least one icon visible for a [Removable Drive] in the list of available drives. (in fact, there is often a list of about 5 or 6 Removable drives, one for each of the different Memory card formats that your reader is compatible with).
Find the drive that is mapped to the MMC card by clicking on each in turn until it confirms there is a drive present. (Sometimes it is easiest to do this by trying a fully-functional MMC card in the MMC slot first so you can confirm which drive letter it is.)
(NB. It will always be labelled as a [Removable Drive], don't mistake it for one of your PC hard drives like [C:] drive, as that could be catastrophic later on!)
At this stage it may give an error message saying that the drive is unreadable.
By right-clicking on the drive letter, it will provide the option of formatting the drive.
Select format the drive, and the [Format Drive] dialog will appear (Double-check again to make sure it not your [C:] drive!).
There is only one setting to focus on in this page, and that is to ensure that the FileSystem selected for formatting is the [FAT] option (not FAT32, or NTFS or any other option)
(Note: All mobile phones, to my knowledge, and most cameras (etc..) use the FAT file system (or at least are compatible with it) on their memory card media.)
Now click on Format Now ( ensure [Quick Format] is not selected as this will not actually restore the file system space byte by byte, but only resets the header information so the drive thinks its empty again. This may not be enought to solve your corruption problem.)
The PC will now - hopefully!- chug away happily until it has restored the memory card space back to its original configuration (of course, any information on there is long gone by now!).
If you recieve an error message back from the [Format Now] request, then your problem may be more permanent, and not just a software issue. In this case, it may still respond to a format request in a different memory card reader or device.
If you believe it to be a failure of manufacture, then the warranty on the card offers the prospect of a replacement card, subject to a confirmation of the fault upon return of the goods.
Increase Your MMC Space
Your files in MMC are stored in multiple (disk) blocks.
So if you format using 16K block, the space used will be 16K eventhough your file is just 1K.
If you buy MMC, it is usually preformatted with 16K block. Therefore alot of space is wasted as most installed program files are usually less than 2K.
You will need a card reader to do this:-
1. Connect card reader and copy all your files in the MMC to computer disk. (Make sure you set the show all/hidden/os files to "on")
2. Do a format of the MMC using command line "format" and use the /A=size option.
Alternative, you can use the Disk Management in Adminstrative Tools to format. Make sure you select FAT. For 256MB MMC, smallest block you can use is 4K, 128MB is 2K, 64Mb is 1K and 32MB is 512B.
(Note: You cannot use the phone "format MMC" to do this as the format just clear the allocation table and does not change the block size)
3. Copy back all files to MMC.
Now you will find that you will have more space. 256mb MMC got back 30+ mbs
Speed Up Your Phone:
First go to your To-do List (default app of your Phone)
- Make a note and input as follows
Subject: Speed
Due Date: 01-29-2005(mm-dd-yy)
Priority: set to High
then press Done
- Make a second Note and input as follows
Subject: Qoukie
Due Date: 01-29-2005(mm-dd-yy)
Priority: set to Low
then press Done
- Do not exit yet, Press the Option of your Subject note w/c is Speed and Mark as done
- then Press the Option of your Subject note w/c is Qoukie and Mark as done
- Now, reboot your mobile.
Handy Tips:
- At the top of the main-menu and every folder, the keys 1 to 9 are shortcuts to the icons 1-9
- A shortcut on the left menukey in standby-mode will take more time to open than a shortcut on the right menukey. Reason: The left key is also used for the keylock so it shortly waits for pressing the * button.
- While writing text press and hold "#" to switch between Alpha mode and Number mode. You can also press a key long to insert its number.
- In standby-mode, press and hold 0 to launch your wap home page.
- If you have your keylock activated just press the on/off button to turn on your backlight to look at the time when it's dark without having to unlock the keypad.
- To keep the backlight on, run Torch (freeware), press and hold the Menu button and go somewhere else on the phone.
- To check your current firmware version simply type *#0000# in standby screen.
- To check your IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) type *#06# in standby screen.
- To check your Bluetooth device address type *#2820# in standby screen.
- Start up in Safe Mode (no 'auto start' apps will be running): Hold down the pencil key when you turn on the phone and hold it on until you have to enter your PIN code.
- Format the phone memory by typing *#7370# in standby screen.
- In standby mode,
45# + dials the number on your sim in memory slot 45.
50# + dials slot 50 and so on.
Edit/Delete Message
Now more questions and queries about Symbian OS phones:
Tip 1 : Do u know how to use the edit button (abc or pencil button)?
Heres how... in the inbox for example; u wanna delete multiple sms, simply hold the edit button, scroll down, and then, press c to delete the marked sms. The edit button can also b used to copy and past text in sms, simply hold it and scroll across, choose copy. pretty good for placing song names in ngages
Tip 2 : Shit happens, on a smartphone, its inevitable u do something wrong, and tis calls for a format of fone. to format the fone, press *#7370#, then enter the lock code, which is the sec code of the fone. NOTE: batt must b full, else if format is disrupted by low batt, consequences will b disatrous
I heard the code *#7780# works too, pretty much the same i tink.
for 6600 users, to format the fone, theres an alternative way. Press and hold <3>, <*>, and the buttons, then power on fone, keep holding on the 3 buttons, till u come to a format screen. tis method ONLY works on 6600, and need not enter the sec code. BUT sec code wun be reset to default 12345.
Tip 3 : TO NGAGE USERS; Did u know u can install .sis files simply using the cable given? Juz plug it in, place the .sis file anywhere on e: (the mmc), not in any folders, root of e:, disconnect, then look for it in manager.
Tip 4: Save on battery and system memory being used by regulary checking the task manager which can be accessed by holding down the menu button!!
Tip 5: Type *#06# to display your IMEI serial number, very valuable for the unlocking your phone to other sim cards
Tip 6: Type *#0000# to view which firmware version you are running
Tip 4a: Set the screen saver to a short time out period to prolong battery life.
Tip 4b: Avoid restarting the phone, or repeatedly turning it on and off. This helps increase battery life.
Tip 7: If you would like to avoid being "blue jacked", keep bluetooth turned off, or set your phone's visibility to hidden.
Tip 8: Don't want to carry a watch and a phone? Set the screen saver to show date and time, then you can ditch the watch.
Tip 9: Save memory when installing apps, by installing over bluetooth. This can be done using the nokia phone suite and a bluetooth serial connection. Only works with .SIS files, so java still has to be sent to the phone, but will save space when using .SIS files.
Tip 10: Operator logos
Use a filemanager like FExplorer or SeleQ to add the folders: "c:/system/Apps/phone/oplogo". Add a .bmp picture to folder "oplogo" and restart your phone! The .bmp picture size needs to be: 97 x 25 pixels
Tip 11: Check if the recepients phone is on
Delivery reports
or
Type *0# your message in the message composer window space then write your message, the recipient will not see the star zero hash bit - just the message When they read it it will relay a message back to your fone showing the time they recieved it. (haven't yet tried it myself though)
Tip 12: BlueJacking
First up, you need to know what Bluetooth is. There are lots of types of modern devices that incorporate Bluetooth as one of their many features. PDAs, mobile phones and laptops are a few of these modern devices. Bluetooth means that Bluetooth enabled devices can send things like phonebook/address book contacts, pictures & notes to other Bluetooth enabled devices wirelessly over a range of about 10 metres. So, we've got past the boring part. Now, using a phone with Bluetooth, you can create a phonebook contact and write a message, eg. 'Hello, you've been bluejacked', in the 'Name' field. Then you can search for other phones with Bluetooth and send that phonebook contact to them. On their phone, a message will popup saying "'Hello, you've been bluejacked' has just been received by Bluetooth" or something along those lines. For most 'victims' they will have no idea as to how the message appeared on their phone.
Tip 13: While you are viewing a picture in your phone's gallery, press one of these shortcut keys (definitely works on 6600, not sure about other symbians)
1 - turn image anticlockwise
3 - turn image clockwise
* - toggle on/off of full screen
5 - zoom in
0 - zoom out
Tip 14: u can select all files in a folder by selecting THE folder and copy it then paste it somewhere. however u need to make a new directory. fexplorer wun let u copy that folder together. well seleQ can mark files to copy but it really takes time!
Tip 15: Formats of images supported ones: JPG UPF GIF87a/89a WBMB MBM TIFF/F PNG EXIF
QA:
How to copy & paste text in your Nokia 3650:
Press and hold the pencil key and select your text using the scroll key.
Left function key will change to 'Copy'. Press it to copy the selected text to clipboard.
You can paste the clipboard contents the same way:
press and hold the pencil key and press 'Paste'. Or, press pencil key once and select 'Paste'.
Press and hold the Menu key to open the application switching window, where you can *duh* switch between applications.
If a program hangs and you can't shut it down, select the application in the
application switching window and press 'C' to kill it. It's also a faster way to exit programs.
Turn on/off the "click" sound made by the camera by selecting the 'Silent' profile or by turning warning tones on/off:
Menu > Profiles > "select your activated profile" > Personalise > Warning tones > On/Off.
(This also effects the sound of Java games and apps).
To change background image go to:
Menu > Tools > Settings > Phone > Standby mode > Background image > Yes > "choose an image".
The best size for background images is 174x132 pixels.
Only got blue, green and purple in your 3650 colour palette?
This free app adds 3 more colours: Palette Extender.
Display an image when someone's calling:
Menu > Contacts > "select a contact card" > Options > Edit > Options > Add thumbnail > "choose an image".
Add a personal ringing tone to a contact:
Menu > Contacts > "select a contact card" > Options > Open > Options > Ringing tone > "choose a ringing tone".
Delete all messages from your Inbox at once:
Menu > Messaging > Inbox > Options > Mark/Unmark > Mark all > Options > Delete.
Send or hide your caller ID:
Go to: Menu > Tools > Settings > Call > Send My
Caller ID > 'Yes', 'No' or 'Set By Network' to follow the default settings of your home network.
If you often copy large files to your MultiMedia Card, I recommend a card reader.
E.g. With a card reader it takes only 12 seconds to copy a 10 MB file!
Record the sound of a phone call using the (sound) Recorder:
Menu > Extra's > Recorder > Options > Record sound clip.
Note: short beeps are audible during call registration.
But there is a 60 second limitation so if you want unlimited sound recording get this app: Extended Recorder.
While writing text, press "#" to switch between upper and lower case and Dictonary on/off (predictive text input).
Press and hold "#" to switch between Alpha mode and Number mode.
Keyboard shortcuts for zooming and rotating images in Images:
1 = zoom in, 0 = zoom out, press and hold to return to the normal view.
2 = rotate anticlockwise, 9 = rotate clockwise, * = full screen.
In standby mode, press and hold the right soft key to activate voice dialling.
To add a voice tag to a phone number, open a contact card and scroll to the phone number and select:
Options > Add voice tag.
You can customize both soft keys located below the screen (in standby mode):
Menu > Tools > Settings > Phone > Standby mode > Left/Right selection key > "select an application".
In standby mode. press scroll key center (joystick) to go directly to Contacts.
In standby mode, press and hold 0 to launch your wap home page.
In Menu or any subfolder, press numbers 1 - 9 to start the application at that location.
123
456
789
In standby mode,
45# + dials the number on your sim in memory slot 45.
50# + dials slot 50 and so on.
If you have your keylock activated just press the on/off button to turn on your backlight
to look at the time when it's dark without having to unlock the keypad.
Never, ever, in your whole life, install WildSkinz on your Nokia 3650!!! WildSkinz screws up
the whole 3650 system. It was never intended to work on the 3650, only on the 7650.
Why assigning Video Recorder in the right or left soft key does not work?
(Sound Recorder is launched instead of Video Recorder)
It's a bug with firmware version 2.50.
How to check your firmware version:
A "Firmware" is the phone's operating system stored in internal Flash memory of the device (disk Z.
Manufacturers release new firmware versions containing bug fixes, improvements and - sometimes - offering new functions.
Firmware upgrade can only be made in authorized Nokia service centre (point).
To check your current firmware version simply type *#0000# on main Phone screen.

--
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Nokia secret codes

Posted by Dhaya at 6:23 AM 2 comments

On the main screen type
*#06# for checking the IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity).
*#7780# reset to factory settings.
*#67705646# This will clear the LCD display(operator logo).
*#0000# To view software version.
*#2820# Bluetooth device address.
*#746025625# Sim clock allowed status.
#pw+1234567890+1# Shows if sim have restrictions.
*#92702689# - takes you to a secret menu where you may find some of the information below:
1. Displays Serial Number.
2. Displays the Month and Year of Manufacture
3. Displays (if there) the date where the phone was purchased (MMYY)
4. Displays the date of the last repair - if found (0000)
5. Shows life timer of phone (time passes since last start)
*#3370# - Enhanced Full Rate Codec (EFR) activation. Increase signal strength, better signal reception. It also help if u want to use GPRS and the service is not responding or too slow. Phone battery will drain faster though.
*#3370* - (EFR) deactivation. Phone will automatically restart. Increase battery life by 30% because phone receives less signal from network.
*#4720# - Half Rate Codec activation.
*#4720* - Half Rate Codec deactivation. The phone will automatically restart
If you forgot wallet code for Nokia S60 phone, use this code reset: *#7370925538#
Note, your data in the wallet will be erased. Phone will ask you the lock code. Default lock code is: 12345
Press *#3925538# to delete the contents and code of wallet.
Unlock service provider: Insert sim, turn phone on and press vol up(arrow keys) for 3 seconds, should say pin code. Press C,then press * message should flash, press * again and 04*pin*pin*pin# \
*#7328748263373738# resets security code.
Default security code is 12345
Change closed caller group (settings >security settings>user groups) to 00000 and ure phone will sound the message tone when you are near a radar speed trap. Setting it to 500 will cause your phone 2 set off security alarms at shop exits, gr8 for practical jokes! (works with some of the Nokia phones.) Press and hold "0" on the main screen to open wap browser.

--
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Elective Syllabus

Posted by Dhaya at 5:34 AM 0 comments

EC1008 HIGH SPEED NETWORKS 3 0 0 100

AIM
To highlight the features of different technologies involved in High Speed Networking and their performance.

OBJECTIVES
Students will get an introduction about ATM and Frame relay.
Students will be provided with an up-to-date survey of developments in High Speed Networks.
Enable the students to know techniques involved to support real-time traffic and congestion control.
Students will be provided with different levels of quality of service (Q.S) to different applications.
UNIT I HIGH SPEED NETWORKS 9
Frame Relay Networks – Asynchronous transfer mode – ATM Protocol Architecture, ATM logical Connection, ATM Cell – ATM Service Categories – AAL.
High Speed LANs: Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, Fiber Channel – Wireless LANs: applications, requirements – Architecture of 802.11

UNIT II CONGESTION AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT 8
Queuing Analysis- Queuing Models – Single Server Queues – Effects of Congestion – Congestion Control – Traffic Management – Congestion Control in Packet Switching Networks – Frame Relay Congestion Control.

UNIT III TCP AND ATM CONGESTION CONTROL 12
TCP Flow control – TCP Congestion Control – Retransmission – Timer Management – Exponential RTO backoff – KARN’s Algorithm – Window management – Performance of TCP over ATM.
Traffic and Congestion control in ATM – Requirements – Attributes – Traffic Management Frame work, Traffic Control – ABR traffic Management – ABR rate control, RM cell formats, ABR Capacity allocations – GFR traffic management.

UNIT IV INTEGRATED AND DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES 8
Integrated Services Architecture – Approach, Components, Services- Queuing Discipline, FQ, PS, BRFQ, GPS, WFQ – Random Early Detection, Differentiated Services

UNIT V PROTOCOLS FOR QOS SUPPORT 8
RSVP – Goals & Characteristics, Data Flow, RSVP operations, Protocol Mechanisms – Multiprotocol Label Switching – Operations, Label Stacking, Protocol details – RTP – Protocol Architecture, Data Transfer Protocol, RTCP.

TOTAL : 45
TEXT BOOK
William Stallings, “HIGH SPEED NETWORKS AND INTERNET”, Pearson Education, Second Edition, 2002.

REFERENCES
Warland & Pravin Varaiya, “HIGH PERFORMANCE COMMUNICATION NETWORKS”, Jean Harcourt Asia Pvt. Ltd., II Edition, 2001.
Irvan Pepelnjk, Jim Guichard and Jeff Apcar, “MPLS and VPN architecture”, Cisco Press, Volume 1 and 2, 2003

EC1009 DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 3 0 0 100

AIM
To introduce the student to various image processing techniques.

OBJECTIVES
To study the image fundamentals and mathematical transforms necessary for image processing.
To study the image enhancement techniques
To study image restoration procedures.
To study the image compression procedures.
To study the image segmentation and representation techniques.

UNIT I DIGITAL IMAGE FUNDAMENTALS AND TRANSFORMS 9
Elements of visual perception – Image sampling and quantization Basic relationship between pixels – Basic geometric transformations-Introduction to Fourier Transform and DFT – Properties of 2D Fourier Transform – FFT – Separable Image Transforms -Walsh – Hadamard – Discrete Cosine Transform, Haar, Slant – Karhunen – Loeve transforms.

UNIT II IMAGE ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES: 9
Spatial Domain methods: Basic grey level transformation – Histogram equalization – Image subtraction – Image averaging –Spatial filtering: Smoothing, sharpening filters – Laplacian filters – Frequency domain filters : Smoothing – Sharpening filters – Homomorphic filtering.

UNIT III IMAGE RESTORATION: 9
Model of Image Degradation/restoration process – Noise models – Inverse filtering -Least mean square filtering – Constrained least mean square filtering – Blind image restoration – Pseudo inverse – Singular value decomposition.

UNIT IV IMAGE COMPRESSION 9
Lossless compression: Variable length coding – LZW coding – Bit plane coding- predictive coding-DPCM.
Lossy Compression: Transform coding – Wavelet coding – Basics of Image compression standards: JPEG, MPEG,Basics of Vector quantization.

UNIT V IMAGE SEGMENTATION AND REPRESENTATION 9
Edge detection – Thresholding - Region Based segmentation – Boundary representation: chair codes- Polygonal approximation – Boundary segments – boundary descriptors: Simple descriptors-Fourier descriptors - Regional descriptors –Simple descriptors- Texture

TOTAL : 45
TEXT BOOKS
Rafael C Gonzalez, Richard E Woods 2nd Edition, Digital Image Processing - Pearson Education 2003.

REFERENCES
William K Pratt, Digital Image Processing John Willey (2001)
Image Processing Analysis and Machine Vision – Millman Sonka, Vaclav hlavac, Roger Boyle, Broos/colic, Thompson Learniy (1999).
A.K. Jain, PHI, New Delhi (1995)-Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing.
Chanda Dutta Magundar – Digital Image Processing and Applications, Prentice Hall of India, 2000

EC1011 TELEVISION AND VIDEO ENGINEERING 3 0 0 100

AIM
Television Technology has now become a vital tool to the information revolution that is sweeping across the countries of the world. The syllabus aims at a comprehensive coverage of Television Systems with all the new developments in Television Engineering

OBJECTIVES
To study the analysis and synthesis of TV Pictures, Composite Video Signal, Receiver Picture Tubes and Television Camera Tubes
To study the principles of Monochrome Television Transmitter and Receiver systems.
To study the various Color Television systems with a greater emphasis on PAL system.
To study the advanced topics in Television systems and Video Engineering

UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF TELEVISION 8
Geometry form and Aspect Ratio - Image Continuity - Number of scanning lines - Interlaced scanning - Picture resolution - Camera tubes- Image orthicon - vidicon-plumbicon-silicon diode array vidicon-solid state image scanners- monochrome picture tubes- composite video signal-video signal dimension- horizontal sync. Composition- vertical sync. Details – functions of vertical pulse train – scanning sequence details. Picture signal transmission – positive and negative modulation – VSB transmission sound signal transmission – standard channel bandwidth.

UNIT II MONOCHROME TELEVISION TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER 9
TV transmitter – TV signal propagation – Interference – TV transmission Antennas – Monochrome TV receiver – RF tuner – UHF, VHF tuner- Digital tuning techniques- AFT-IF subsystems - AGC – Noise cancellation- Video and sound inter carrier detection- vision IF subsystem- video amplifiers requirements and configurations - DC re-insertion - Video amplifier circuits- Sync separation – typical sync processing circuits- Deflection current waveform – Deflection Oscillators – Frame deflection circuits – requirements- Line Deflection circuits – EHT generation – Receiver Antennas.

UNIT III ESSENTIALS OF COLOUR TELEVISION 8
Compatibility – colour perception- Three colour theory- luminance, hue and saturation-colour television cameras- values of luminance and colour difference signals- colour television display tubes- delta – gun-precision – in-line and Trinitron colour picture tubes- purity and convergence- purity and static and dynamic convergence adjustments- pincushion correction techniques- automatic degaussing circuit- grey scale tracking – colour signal transmission- bandwidth- modulation of colour difference signals – weighting factors- Formation of chrominance signal.

UNIT IV COLOUR TELEVISION SYSTEMS: 10
NTSC colour TV system- NTSC colour receiver- limitations of NTSC system – PAL colour TV system – cancellation of phase errors- PAL –D colour system- PAL coder – Pal-Decolour receiver- chromo signal amplifier- separation of U and V signals- colour burst separation – Burst phase Discriminator – ACC amplifier- Reference Oscillator- Ident and colour killer circuits- U and V demodulators- Colour signal matrixing – merits and demerits of the PAL system – SECAM system – merits and demerits of SECAM system.

UNIT V ADVANCED TELEVISION SYSTEMS 10
Satellite TV technology- Cable TV – VCR- Video Disc recording and playback- Tele Text broadcast receiver – digital television – Transmission and reception- projection Television – Flat panel display TV receiver – Sterio sound in TV – 3D TV – EDTV – Digital equipments for TV studios.

TOTAL : 45
TEXT BOOKS
R.R.Gulati, “ Monochrome Television Practice, Principles, Technology and servcing , Second edition, New age International Publishes, 2004 (Unit I,II,IV and V)
R.R.Gulati “Monochrome and colour television “, New age Internationl Publisher, 2003 (Unit I,III and IV)

REFERENCES
A.M Dhake, “Television and Video Engineerign”, Second edition, TMH, 2003.
S.P.Bali, “ Colour Television, Theory and Practice”, TMH, 1994

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Current Year Syllabus

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EC1401 VLSI DESIGN 3 0 0 100

AIM
To introduce the technology, design concepts and testing of Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits.

OBJECTIVES
- To learn the basic CMOS circuits.
- To learn the CMOS process technology.
- To learn techniques of chip design using programmable devices.
- To learn the concepts of designing VLSI subsystems.
- To learn the concepts of modeling a digital system using Hardware Description Language.

UNIT I CMOS TECHNOLOGY 9
An overview of Silicon semiconductor technology, Basic CMOS technology : nwell, P well, Twin tub and SOI Process. Interconnects, circuit elements: Resistors, capacitors, Electrically alterable ROMs, bipolar transistors, Latch up and prevention.
Layout design rules, physical design: basic concepts, CAD tool sets, physical design of logic gates: Inverter, NAND, NOR, Design Hierarchies.

UNIT II MOS TRANSISTOR THEORY 9
NMOS, PMOS Enhancement transistor, Threshold voltage, Body effect, MOS DC equations, channel length modulation, Mobility variation, MOS models, small signal AC characteristics, complementary CMOS inverter DC characteristics, Noise Margin, Rise time, fall time, power dissipation, transmission gate, tristate inverter.

UNIT III SPECIFICATION USING VERILOG HDL 9
Basic Concepts: VLSI Design flow, identifiers, gate primitives, value set, ports, gate delays, structural gate level and switch level modeling, Design hierarchies, Behavioral and RTL modeling: Operators, timing controls, Procedural assignments conditional statements, Data flow modeling and RTL.
Structural gate level description of decoder, equality detector, comparator, priority encoder, D-latch, D-ff, half adder, Full adder, Ripple Carry adder.

UNIT IV CMOS CHIP DESIGN 9
Logic design with CMOS: MOSFETS as switches, Basic logic gates in CMOS, Complex logic gates, Transmission gates: Muxes and latches, CMOS chip design options: Full custom ASICs, Std. Cell based ASICs, Gate Array based ASICs Channelled, Channelless and structured GA, Programmable logic structures; 22V10, Programming of PALs, Programmable Interconnect, Reprogrammable GA: Xilinx programmable GA, ASIC design flow.

UNIT V CMOS TESTING 9
Need for testing, manufacturing test principles, Design strategies for test, Chip level and system level test techniques.

TOTAL : 45
TEXT BOOKS
1. Weste & Eshraghian: Principles of CMOS VLSI design (2/e) Addison Wesley, 1993 for UNIT I through UNIT IV.
2. Samir Palnitkar; Verilog HDL - Guide to Digital design and synthesis, III edition, Pearson Education, 2003 for UNIT V

REFERENCES
1. M.J.S.Smith : Application Specific integrated circuits, Pearson Education, 1997.
2. Wayne Wolf, Modern VLSI Design, Pearson Education 2003.
3. Bob Zeidmin ; Introduction to verilog, Prentice Hall, 1999
4. J . Bhaskar : Verilog HDL Primer, BSP, 2002.
5. E. Fabricious , Introduction to VLSI design, McGraw-Hill 1990.
6. C. Roth, Digital Systems Design Using VHDL, Thomson Learning, 2000.

EC1402 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION 3 0 0 100

AIMS
- To introduce the various optical fiber modes, configurations and various signal degradation factors associated with optical fiber.
- To study about various optical sources and optical detectors and their use in the optical communication system. Finally to discuss about digital transmission and its associated parameters on system performance.

OBJECTIVES
- To learn the basic elements of optical fiber transmission link, fiber modes configurations and structures.
- To understand the different kind of losses, signal distortion in optical wave guides and other signal degradation factors. Design optimization of SM fibers, RI profile and cut-off wave length.
- To learn the various optical source materials, LED structures, quantum efficiency, Laser diodes and different fiber amplifiers.
- To learn the fiber optical receivers such as PIN APD diodes, noise performance in photo detector, receiver operation and configuration.
- To learn fiber slicing and connectors, noise effects on system performance, operational principles WDM and solutions.

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL FIBERS 9
Evolution of fiber optic system- Element of an Optical Fiber Transmission link- Ray Optics-Optical Fiber Modes and Configurations –Mode theory of Circular Wave guides- Overview of Modes-Key Modal concepts- Linearly Polarized Modes –Single Mode Fibers-Graded Index fiber structure.

UNIT II SIGNAL DEGRADATION OPTICAL FIBERS 9
Attenuation – Absorption losses, Scattering losses, Bending Losses, Core and Cladding losses, Signal Distortion in Optical Wave guides-Information Capacity determination –Group Delay-Material Dispersion, Wave guide Dispersion, Signal distortion in SM fibers-Polarization Mode dispersion, Intermodal dispersion, Pulse Broadening in GI fibers-Mode Coupling –Design Optimization of SM fibers-RI profile and cut-off wavelength.

UNIT III FIBER OPTICAL SOURCES AND COUPLING 9
Direct and indirect Band gap materials-LED structures –Light source materials –Quantum efficiency and LED power, Modulation of a LED, lasers Diodes-Modes and Threshold condition –Rate equations –External Quantum efficiency –Resonant frequencies –Laser Diodes, Temperature effects, Introduction to Quantum laser, Fiber amplifiers- Power Launching and coupling, Lencing schemes, Fibre –to- Fibre joints, Fibre splicing.

UNIT IV FIBER OPTICAL RECEIVERS 9
PIN and APD diodes –Photo detector noise, SNR, Detector Response time, Avalanche Multiplication Noise –Comparison of Photo detectors –Fundamental Receiver Operation – preamplifiers, Error Sources –Receiver Configuration –Probability of Error – Quantum Limit.

UNIT V DIGITAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM 9
Point-to-Point links System considerations –Link Power budget –Rise - time budget –Noise Effects on System Performance-Operational Principles of WDM, Solitons-Erbium-doped Amplifiers. Basic on concepts of SONET/SDH Network. .

TOTAL : 45

TEXT BOOK
1. Gerd Keiser, “Optical Fiber Communication” McGraw –Hill International, Singapore, 3rd ed., 2000

REFERENCES
1. J.Senior, “Optical Communication, Principles and Practice”, Prentice Hall of India, 1994.
2. J.Gower, “Optical Communication System”, Prentice Hall of India, 2001.

EC1403 MICROWAVE ENGINEERING 3 0 0 100

AIM
To enable the student to become familiar with active & passive microwave devices & components used in Microwave communication systems.

OBJECTIVES
- To study passive microwave components and their S- Parameters.
- To study Microwave semiconductor devices & applications.
- To study Microwave sources and amplifiers.

UNIT I 9
Microwave Frequencies, Microwave Devices, Microwave Systems, Microwave Units of Measure, Microwave Hybrid Circuits, Waveguide Tees, Magic Tees (Hybrid Trees), Hybrid Rings (Rat-Race Circuits), Waveguide Corners, Bends and Twists, Directional Couplers, Two-Hole Directional Couplers, Z & ABCD Parameters- Introduction to S parameters, S Matrix of a Directional Coupler, Hybrid Couplers, Circulators and Isolators, Microwave Circulators, Microwave Isolators.

UNIT II 9
Transit time limitations in transistors, Microwave bipolar transistors, power frequency limitations microwave field effect transistors, HEMT, Gunn effect – RWH theory, high – field domain and modes of operation microwave amplification – Avalance transit time devices – IMPATT and TRAPATT diodes and comparison parametric amplifiers.

UNIT III TRANSFERRED ELECTRON DEVICES (TEDs) and AVALANCHE TRANSIT-TIME DEVICES 9
Introduction, Gunn-Effect Diodes – GaAs Diode, Background, Gunn Effect, Ridely-Watkins-Hilsun (RWH) Theory, Differential Negative Resistance, Two-Valley Model Theory, High-Field Domain, Modes of Operation, LSA Diodes, InP Diodes, CdTe Diodes, Microwave Generation and Amplification, Microwave Generation, Microwave Amplification, AVALANCHE TRANSIT-TIME DEVICES, Introduction, Read Diode, Physical Description, Avalanche Multiplication, Carrier Current Io(t) and External Current I¬e¬(t), Output Power and Quality Factor, IMPATT Diodes, Physical Structures, Negative Resistance, Power Output and Efficiency, TRAPATT Diodes, Physical Structures, Principles of Operation, Power Output and Efficiency, BARITT Diodes, Physical Description, Principles of Operation, Microwave Performance, Parametric Devices, Physical Structures, Nonlinear Reactance and Manley – Rowe Power Relations, Parametric Amplifiers, Applications.

UNIT III MICROWAVE LINEAR-BEAM TUBES (O TYPE) and MICROWAVE CROSSED-FIELD TUBES (M TYPE) 9
Klystrons, Reentrant Cavities, Velocity-Modulation Process, Bunching Process, Output Power and Beam Loading, State of the Art, Multicavity Klystron Amplifiers, Beam-Current Density, Output Current Output Power of Two-Cavity Klystron, Output Power of Four-Cavity Klystron, Reflex Klystrons, Velocity Modulation, Power Output and Efficiency, Electronic Admittance, Helix Traveling-Wave Tubes (TWTs), Slow-Wave structures, Amplification Process, Convection Current, Axial Electric Field, Wave Modes, Gain Consideration, MICROWAVE CROSSED-FIELD TUBES , Magnetron Oscillators, Cylindrical Magnetron, Coaxial Magnetron, Tunable Magnetron, Ricke diagram.

UNIT IV STRIP LINES and MONOLITHIC MICROWAVE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
9
Introduction, Microstrip Lines, Characteristic Impedance of Microstrip Lines, Losses in Microstrip Lines, Quality Factor Q of Microstrip Lines, Parallel Strip Lines, Distributed Lines, Characteristic Impedance, Attenuation Losses, Coplanar Strip Lines, Shielded Strip Lines, References, Problems, MONOLITHIC MICROWAVE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS, Introduction, Materials, Substrate Materials, Conductor Materials, Dielectric Materials, Resistive Materials, Monolithic Microwave Integrated-Circuit Growth, MMIC Fabrication Techniques, Fabrication Example.

UNIT V MICROWAVE MEASUREMENTS: 9
Slotted line VSWR measurement, VSWR through return loss measurements, power measurement, impedance measurement insertion loss and attenuation measurements- measurement of scattering parameters – Measurement of 1 dB, dielectric constant measurement of a solid using waveguide

TOTAL : 45
TEXT BOOKS
1. Samuel Y.LIAO : Microwave Devices and Circuits – Prentice Hall of India – 3rd Edition (2003)
2. Annapurna Das and Sisir K.Das: Microwave Engineering – Tata McGraw-Hill (2000) (UNIT V)

REFERENCES
1. R.E. Collin : Foundations for Microwave Engg. – IEEE Press Second Edition (2002)
2. David M.POZAR : Microwave Engg. – John Wiley & Sons – 2nd Edition (2003)
3. P.A.RIZZI – Microwave Engg. (Passive ckts) – PH1

EC1404 VLSI LABORATORY 0 0 3 100

1. Study of Simulation using tools
2. Study of Synthesis tools
3. Place and Root and Back annotation for FPGAs
4. Study of development tool for FPGAs for schematic entry and verilog
5. Design of traffic light controller using verilog and above tools
6. Design and simulation of pipelined serial and parallel adder to add/ subract 8 number of size, 12 bits each in 2's complement
7. Design and simulation of back annotated verilog files for multiplying two signed, 8 bit numbers in 2's complement. Design must be pipelined and completely RTL compliant
8. Study of FPGA board (HTTP://www.xess.com) and testing on board LEDs and switches using verilog codes
9. Testing the traffic controller design developed in SI. NO.5 on the FPGA board
10. Design a Realtime Clock (2 digits, 7 segments LED displays each for HRS., MTS, and SECS.) and demonstrate its working on the FPGA board. An expansion card is required for the displays.

EC1405 OPTICAL & MICROWAVE LAB 0 0 3 100

Experiments pertaining to Fiber optics, Optical Communication and Fiber optic sensors:

1. Numerical aperture determination for fibers and Attenuation Measurement in Fibers.
2. Mode Characteristics of Fibres – SM Fibres.
3. Coupling Fibers to Semi-Conductor Sources – Connectors & Splices.
4. Fiber optic communication links.
5. LED & Photo Diode Characteristics.

Microwave experiments
1. VSWR Measurements – Determination of terminated impedance
2. Determination of guide wavelength, frequency measurement.
3. Radiation Pattern of Horns, Paraboloids.
4. Microwave Power Measurement.
5. Characteristics of Gunn diode Oscillator.

EC1451 MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS 3 0 0 100

AIM
To introduce the concepts of wireless / mobile communication using cellular environment. To make the students to know about the various modulation techniques, propagation methods, coding and multi access techniques used in the mobile communication. Various wireless network systems and standards are to be introduced.

OBJECTIVES
- It deals with the fundamental cellular radio concepts such as frequency reuse and handoff. This also demonstrates the principle of trunking efficiency and how trunking and interference issues between mobile and base stations combine to affect the overall capacity of cellular systems.
- It presents different ways to radio propagation models and predict the large – scale effects of radio propagation in many operating environment. This also covers small propagation effects such as fading, time delay spread and Doppler spread and describes how to measures and model the impact that signal bandwidth and motion have on the instantaneous received signal through the multi-path channel.
- It provides idea about analog and digital modulation techniques used in wireless communication. It also deals with the different types of equalization techniques and diversity concepts.
- It provides an introduction to speech coding principles which have driven the development of adaptive pulse code modulation and linear predictive coding techniques are presented. This unit also describes the time, frequency code division multiple access techniques as well as more recent multiple access technique such as space division multiple access.
- It deals with second generation and third generation wireless networks and worldwide wireless standards.

UNIT I CELLULAR CONCEPT AND SYSTEM DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS 9
Introduction to wireless communication: Evolution of mobile communications, mobile radio systems- Examples, trends in cellular radio and personal communications.
Cellular Concept: Frequency reuse, channel assignment, hand off, Interference and system capacity, tracking and grade of service, Improving Coverage and capacity in Cellular systems.

UNIT II MOBILE RADIO PROPAGATION 9
Free space propagation model, reflection, diffraction, scattering, link budget design, Outdoor Propagation models, Indoor propagation models, Small scale Multipath propagation, Impulse model, Small scale Multipath measurements, parameters of Mobile multipath channels, types of small scale fading, statistical models for multipath fading channels.

UNIT III MODULATION TECHNIQUES AND EQUALIZATION 9
Modulation Techniques: Minimum Shift Keying, Gauss ion MSK, M-ary QAM, M-ary FSK, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, Performance of Digital Modulation in Slow-Flat Fading Channels and Frequency Selective Mobile Channels. Equalization: Survey of Equalization Techniques, Linear Equalization, Non-linear Equalization, Algorithms for Adaptive Equalization. Diversity Techniques, RAKE receiver.

UNIT IV CODING AND MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES 9
Coding: Vocoders, Linear Predictive Coders, Selection of Speech Coders for Mobile Communication, GSM Codec, RS codes for CDPD. Multiple Access Techniques: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, SDMA, Capacity of Cellular CDMA and SDMA.

UNIT V WIRELESS SYSTEMS AND STANDARDS 9
Second Generation and Third Generation Wireless Networks and Standards, WLL, Blue tooth. AMPS, GSM, IS-95 and DECT

TOTAL : 45
TEXT BOOK
1. T.S.Rappaport, “Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition, Pearson Education/ Prentice Hall of India, Third Indian Reprint 2003.

REFERENCES
1. R. Blake, “ Wireless Communication Technology”, Thomson Delmar, 2003.
2. W.C.Y.Lee, "Mobile Communications Engineering: Theory and applications, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill International, 1998.
3. Stephen G. Wilson, “ Digital Modulation and Coding”, Pearson Education, 2003.

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